Rice University scientists who want to gain an edge in energy production
and storage report they have found it in molybdenum disulfide
 |
| A thin, flexible film developed at Rice University shows excellent potential as a hydrogen catalyst or as an energy storage device |
The Rice lab of chemist James Tour has turned molybdenum disulfide's
two-dimensional form into a nanoporous film that can catalyze the
production of hydrogen or be used for energy storage.
The versatile chemical compound classified as a dichalcogenide is
inert along its flat sides, but previous studies determined the
material's edges are highly efficient catalysts for hydrogen evolution
reaction (HER), a process used in fuel cells to pull hydrogen from
water.
Tour and his colleagues have found a cost-effective way to create
flexible films of the material that maximize the amount of exposed edge
and have potential for a variety of energy-oriented applications.
The Rice research appears in the journal Advanced Materials.
Molybdenum disulfide isn't quite as flat as graphene, the atom-thick
form of pure carbon, because it contains both molybdenum and sulfur
atoms. When viewed from above, it looks like graphene, with rows of
ordered hexagons. But seen from the side, three distinct layers are
revealed, with sulfur atoms in their own planes above and below the
molybdenum.
This crystal structure creates a more robust edge, and the more edge, the better for catalytic reactions or storage, Tour said.
"So much of chemistry occurs at the edges of materials," he said. "A
two-dimensional material is like a sheet of paper: a large plain with
very little edge. But our material is highly porous. What we see in the
images are short, 5- to 6-nanometer planes and a lot of edge, as though
the material had bore holes drilled all the way through."
The new film was created by Tour and lead authors Yang Yang, a
postdoctoral researcher; Huilong Fei, a graduate student; and their
colleagues. It catalyzes the separation of hydrogen from water when
exposed to a current. "Its performance as a HER generator is as good as
any molybdenum disulfide structure that has ever been seen, and it's
really easy to make," Tour said.
While other researchers have proposed arrays of molybdenum disulfide
sheets standing on edge, the Rice group took a different approach.
First, they grew a porous molybdenum oxide film onto a molybdenum
substrate through room-temperature anodization, an electrochemical
process with many uses but traditionally employed to thicken natural
oxide layers on metals.
The film was then exposed to sulfur vapor at 300 degrees Celsius (572
degrees Fahrenheit) for one hour. This converted the material to
molybdenum disulfide without damage to its nano-porous sponge-like
structure, they reported.
The films can also serve as supercapacitors, which store energy
quickly as static charge and release it in a burst. Though they don't
store as much energy as an electrochemical battery, they have long
lifespans and are in wide use because they can deliver far more power
than a battery. The Rice lab built supercapacitors with the films; in
tests, they retained 90 percent of their capacity after 10,000
charge-discharge cycles and 83 percent after 20,000 cycles.
"We see anodization as a route to materials for multiple platforms in
the next generation of alternative energy devices," Tour said. "These
could be fuel cells, supercapacitors and batteries. And we've
demonstrated two of those three are possible with this new material."
Co-authors of the paper are Rice graduate students Gedeng Ruan and
Changsheng Xiang. Tour is the T.T. and W.F. Chao Chair in Chemistry as
well as a professor of materials science and nanoengineering and of
computer science.
The Peter M. and Ruth L. Nicholas Postdoctoral Fellowship of Rice's
Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology and the Air Force
Office of Scientific Research Multidisciplinary University Research
program supported the research.
SOURCE: rice university press release
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